The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has long been a tax haven, attracting businesses from around the world due to its tax-free environment. However, with the introduction of corporate tax starting from June 2023, the UAE joins the global trend of taxing corporate profits. This tax, although relatively low compared to other regions, marks a significant change in the country’s fiscal policy. Understanding how corporate tax is calculated in the UAE is essential for businesses to ensure compliance and optimize their tax liabilities.

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What is Corporate Tax in the UAE?

Corporate tax in the UAE is a direct tax levied on the net income or profit of businesses. It is designed to help diversify the UAE’s economy away from oil revenue and contribute to public infrastructure like education, healthcare, and technology.

Businesses operating in the UAE are required to calculate and pay corporate tax based on their taxable income. This tax is governed by Federal Decree-Law No. 47 of 2022 and applies to all emirates.

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Who is Subject to Corporate Tax?

The corporate tax applies to:

• All businesses conducting commercial activities in the UAE mainland.
• Foreign entities doing business regularly in the UAE.
• Free zone businesses that conduct business in the mainland or do not meet specific exemption requirements.
• Banking operations and businesses in real estate management, construction, and agency activities​.

However, the following are exempt from corporate tax:

• Natural resource extraction businesses (these are subject to Emirate-level taxes).
• Dividends and capital gains earned from qualifying shareholdings.
• Foreign investors not conducting business in the UAE​

Corporate Tax Rates in the UAE

The corporate tax rates in the UAE are tiered:

• 0% for taxable income up to AED 375,000.
• 9% for taxable income exceeding AED 375,000.
• A special tax rate will apply to large multinationals with revenues over EUR 750 million, following global tax agreements under the OECD’s Pillar Two framework​.

Step-by-Step Guide to Calculating Corporate Tax in the UAE

1. Step 1: Gather Financial Statements Businesses in the UAE need to ensure their financial statements are prepared according to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) or an equivalent standard. These statements include all revenue, operational costs, and other financial activities during the fiscal year.
   
   
2. Step 2: Identify Net Profit The net profit is determined by subtracting business expenses (such as salaries, rent, and loan interest) from the total revenue. This figure represents the company’s earnings before tax and forms the basis for corporate tax calculations.
   
   
3. Step 3: Consider Adjustments While Calculating Corporate Taxsome text
   • Deductible Expenditures: Businesses can deduct eligible expenses such as operational costs, depreciation on assets, and interest on business loans from their net profit​
     
     
   • Tax Loss Relief: Losses from previous years can be carried forward to reduce taxable income in future profitable years, offering significant relief during economic downturns​
     
     
   • Unrealized Gains or Losses: Unrealized gains from assets that have not been sold may not be taxed, while unrealized losses may not be deductible unless the asset is disposed of​.
     
     
   • Exempt Income: Certain types of income, such as dividends and capital gains from qualifying shareholdings, are exempt from corporate tax, lowering the overall tax liability​.
     
     
4. Step 4: Apply the Relevant Tax Rate
   • For taxable income up to AED 375,000, the corporate tax rate is 0%.
   • For taxable income exceeding AED 375,000, a 9% tax applies to the amount exceeding AED 375,000. For example, if a company’s taxable income is AED 450,000, the tax is calculated as follows: Taxable income=AED 450,000 - AED 375,000=AED 75,000
     Corporate Tax=AED 75,000×9%=AED 6,750

Example of Corporate Tax Calculation

Let’s walk through an example:

• A company generates AED 500,000 in revenue and incurs AED 50,000 in deductible expenses, leading to a net profit of AED 450,000.
• Since the company’s taxable income exceeds AED 375,000, it will be taxed at 9% on the excess amount of AED 75,000.
• Corporate tax payable: AED 75,000 × 9% = AED 6,750.

Thus, the company must pay AED 6,750 as corporate tax for that financial year.

Exemptions and Deductions in Detail

1. Dividends and Capital Gains: If a UAE business earns dividends from qualifying shareholdings, they are exempt from corporate tax. The same applies to capital gains from the sale of such shares.
2. Intra-group Transactions: Certain transactions within the same group, such as asset transfers, may also be exempt from tax provided they meet specific conditions.
3. Foreign Investment Income: Foreign investors receiving income in the form of dividends, capital gains, royalties, and interest are also exempt from corporate tax, provided they are not doing business in the UAE​.

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Corporate Tax for Free Zones

Businesses operating in the UAE’s free zones are eligible for tax exemptions under certain conditions. However, to maintain this benefit:

• They must not conduct business in the mainland.
• They must comply with the free zone regulations and other corporate tax laws.

If a free zone business does conduct business in the UAE mainland, it will be subject to the 9% corporate tax on its mainland income​

Filing Corporate Tax Returns

Businesses must register for corporate tax with the Federal Tax Authority (FTA) and file their corporate tax returns annually. Compliance with the FTA’s deadlines is crucial to avoid penalties for late filing or underreporting of taxable income​

• Penalties for Non-compliance: Failing to file corporate tax returns, inaccuracies, or underreporting taxable income can lead to substantial fines, impacting the financial and legal standing of the business.

Impact of Corporate Tax on UAE’s Economy

While the introduction of corporate tax marks a shift in the UAE’s tax policy, it is also seen as a step towards fostering a more sustainable economy. By reducing its dependence on oil revenue and introducing corporate tax, the UAE aims to:

• Attract more foreign direct investment (FDI).
• Boost spending on infrastructure, education, and healthcare.
• Create a more diversified economy that aligns with global tax practices​
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Conclusion

The implementation of corporate tax in the UAE is a major fiscal shift, yet with its relatively low rate of 9%, the country remains a highly attractive location for businesses globally. By understanding how to calculate corporate tax, companies can remain compliant, optimize their tax liabilities, and continue to thrive in this competitive market.

It is recommended that businesses work closely with tax professionals to navigate these changes and ensure accurate filing, especially in the early years of corporate tax compliance in the UAE.